Anne Boleyn-Her Life and Downfall

Anne Boleyn's life and conflicts- historical background and the presentation in the film â€Å"the other Boleyn girl† What caused her downfall? Gliederung: | Titel | | 1. 0 | Introduction | | 2. 0 | Anne's life | | 2. 1 | Youth and education | | 2. 2 | At the court | | 2. 3 | Queen of England | | 2. 4 | Downfall and Execution | | 3. 0 | Film â€Å"The other Boleyn Girl† | | 3. 1 | Plot | | 3. 2 | Analysis | | . 3 | Special Feature: The birth order | | 3. 4 | Cast and crew | | 3. 5 | Settings: Location and release | | 3. 6 | Scene analysis | | 3. 7 | Comparison grid | | 3. 8. | My personal review | | 4. 0 | Relationships | | 4. 1. 1 | Anne and Mary: In the film | | 4. 1. 2 | Anne and Mary: In reality | | 4. 2. 1 | Anne and Henry: In the film | | 4. 2. 2 | Anne and Henry: In reality | | . 3. 1 | Henry and Mary: In the film | | 4. 3. 2 | Henry and Mary: In reality | | 5. 0 | Conclusion of Anne's conflict:What caused her downfall? | | Anne Boleyn: Introduction: Once there w as a time between 1499 and 1507, somewhere in England , a girl was born. This girl was thought to be so insignificant and small, that nobody bothered to record the date, place or details of her birth. It was not until she was twelve that something at all was recorded about her. However, this girl was named Anne Boleyn, and even though she started small and powerless and destitute, she became one of the greatest influences on King Henry VIII. Anne Boleyn was one of the first non-royal women to become Queen of England, which caused quite a turmoil in those times. She was also the mother of Elizabeth I, one of the greatest monarchs in the history of England and of the world itself and a co-founder of the new English Church. In my opinion history is written by winners. Like any visionary Anne Boleyn lived on the success – as long she was successful. But also like all visionaries, she moved her life on thin ice. What she wanted to achieve and achieved, was not backed up by experience or role models. So far, there were always a risk, and ultimately she failed. Of course after her failure, her opponents tried to reinterpret her successes as the result of devilish machinations. In the end she was not the winner. Instead, she became the devilish witch who enchanted the king to disunite the English church. In the following I am going to consider Anne's life, always trying to understand why such a brilliant and well educated woman had to die so early. So the question I am asking here is,what caused her downfall? For that I will regard her life and the different relationships she had. So, I decided to do my paper on Anne Boleyn, because for me, she was an intelligent woman who â€Å"became one of the principal figures in a hideous melodrama, a corrupt and involute series of intrigues,in which the mores of her contemporaries are now difficult to assess† (S. 15, Hester W. Chapman, Anne Boleyn, London, 1974). It was not really her fault, that she, or possibly Henry VIII could not produce a male heir. I think Anne was neither a saint nor a devil,but she was a human being like everyone else with virtues and faults. That's probably why I admire her so much and tend to dislike critics who usually only see her faults. She was a modern woman in her own time and I bet if she lived in the 21st century she would have fit right in. 2. 0 Anne's Biography: 2. 1 Youth and Education: The tradition says, that Anne Boleyn was born in the Henver castle in the Weald of Kent. (Eric Ives, The life and death of Anne Boleyn, London, 2004). Nevertheless most historians believe that Anne was born at the Blickling residence, because it was their location around 1500. Assuming, that Anne was born around 1500, the historians could be right with their presumption, but if you start with a birth date around 1507, one would assume Henver Castle may well be the birthplace. (The Encyclopedia Britannica and the Dictionary of National Biography give the date of Anne's birth, as do several other historians, as 1507. ) Anne Boleyn was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard and Anne was the maternal niece of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne's education began very early. Just with a few years Anne and her siblings had to learn what it means how to behave in the society. Their daily schedule was very well structured, so that there was not many time to play or doing nothing. Their daily practice includes learning several languages, for instance French, Italian and Latin, practicing dancing and playing instruments. â€Å"Music was the most important accomplishment, comprising the practice of lute, harp, ciol and virginals† (Hester W. Chapman, Anne Boleyn, London, 1974, p. 1) It was very important to the parents that Anne got a good education, so that she will get a good and hopefully noble husband. And Anne did well in her education. Her French was fluent at just a very early age. When Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor got married to king Louis XII of France, Anne was allowed to accompany the young princess as a lady-in-waiting. The great change, made in October 1514, was a big step for her education. Meanw hile her sister Mary Boleyn, who was close to her sister in age, was educated at the Court of the Hapsburg Archduchess Margaret in Brussels. After a while Mary is sent to the french court, as well, so that both sisters became ladies-in-waiting. The sisters were taught impeccable manners and elegance, but music, poetry and dance, as well. (Wyatt, Extracts from the Life of the Virtous, Christian and Renowned Quenn Anne Boleyn, p. 2 ) During her early years in France Anne Boleyn acquired elegance and the sophistication of the French court. She also acquired her taste for beautiful and elegant clothes. Anne Boleyn returned to England after 7 years, which gave her a grand advantage in front of all the English ladies-in-waiting and mistresses. There she could impress with her new witty, intelligent and ambitious behavior. 2. 2 At Henry VIII's court (1522-1533): Hier fehlt eine Seite von ihrer Biografie. Die musst du nicht korrigieren :)!! 3. 0 Film: 3. 1 Plot: The romantic-drama movie â€Å"the other Boleyn Girl† portrays the famous era in England history during the reign of Henry VIII. The King desperately tries to get a male heir and not being terrified from divorce or execution, he plays with several lives to fulfill his wishes. At the same time there are the two Boleyn sisters, who reveals for the favor of the king. The Boleyn sisters were firstly important when Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk and his brother in law and at the same time father of Anne and Mary Boleyn, plan to install Anne in the court and life of Henry VIII of England, because his own wife Katherine of Aragon fails to give England a male heir. The intention of the plan is easy: Becoming the King's mistress and potential mother of his son would further their own political ambitions. At first Anne refuses because she knows being a mistress can damage her reputation, but then she agrees to the plan. Meanwhile Anne's younger sister, Mary Boleyn marries William Carey, although he had asked for Anne's hand. Her father thought Anne could marry somebody of noble and offered Mary as a substitute. While visiting the Boleyn residence, Henry is injured in a hunting accident, which was indirectly caused by Anne, and is nursed by Mary. While being in Mary's care, Henry gets fascinated by her and invites her to his court. After some reluctance, Mary and William agree, because they know what is expected of her. Anne and Mary become Queen Katherine's new mistresses and Henry sends William away on an assignment for the royal court. Separated from her husband, Mary finds herself falling in love with Henry. Meanwhile Anne secretly marries the nobleman Henry Percy, who was already engaged to Mary Talbot. Anne is exiled to France in disgrace, because Mary tells their father and uncle to rescue the life and reputation of her sister. The men confront Anne, who argues that â€Å"what has been done before God can't be undone and that the marriage has been consummated†. Nevertheless the marriage is annulled and she is exiled to France in disgrace. Feeling that Mary betrayed her to increase her own status, Anne vows revenge. Mary becomes pregnant and of course the status of the family improves abruptly. However, Lady Elizabeth warns her family that favors of the king can be easily taken away, but nobody is listening to her. Thomas Boleyn becomes Earl of Wiltshire and George becomes Viscount Rochford and he against his will, George has to marry Jane Parker. When Mary is bedridden, her uncle Norfolk recalls Anne to England to keep Henry's attention to the Boleyns. With big successes Anne ensnares Henry and shows him that she is finally grown up. Henry so is fascinated by her, that he agrees to her request which includes that Henry is not allowed to neither see or speak to Mary or his own wive. Anne even gets Henry to break from the Roman Catholic Church when the Pope refuses to annul his marriage to Queen Katherine so that Henry can marry Anne. Finally Henry agrees with Anne's demands, breaks from the Roman Catholic Church. After that a new church is needed, so he declares himself Supreme Head of the Church of England, and gets Thomas Wolsey to annul his marriage to Katherine. The scandal of Anne's brief marriage to Henry Percy threatens her upcoming marriage to Henry until Mary, the only one Henry really trusts, returns to court and lies on Anne's wish, by telling the king that the marriage with Percy was not consummated. Being married to the King of England and pregnant, Anne needs every help which she can get, so her sister Mary is re-ordered to the court. Anne and Mary reach kind of a reconciliation and Mary stays with her sister at court trying to support her. Meanwhile Mary meets William Stafford, a brave soldier in the English army, and the two fall deeply in love. Although Anne gives birth to a healthy daughter called Elizabeth, Henry is mad at Anne's failure to deliver a son and legitimate male heir to the throne. For Anne's slowly decaying psyche his secret meetings with Jane Seymour are not helpful. After she loses a son after birth, a hysterical Anne begs her brother George to impregnate her since her own husband will not lie with her. First he is shocked, but knowing the fact, how important this son is for his sister, he agrees. When he accepts to help his sister, Mary runs away, because she is disgusted by them. However, George is not strong enough to make it and begins to cry before the siblings sleep with each other. So Anne decides that they should not sleep with each other. Nevertheless, George's wife, Jane, witnesses enough of their try to reports what she has seen and both Anne and George are arrested. Despite a lack of evidence, the two are found guilty and condemned to death for adultery, incest and treason. Mary returns to court to bed for her siblings' lives. Arriving too late to save her brother's life, who was already executed, she begs Henry to spare her sister, referring to Anne as part of herself. The king calms and tells her he would never harm any part of her. Believing that Henry would spared her sister, Mary leaves to see her sister. The two sisters embrace each other and truly reconcile with one another. Before she leaves, Anne asks Mary to promise to take care of Elizabeth if anything should happen to her. Mary watches from the crowd as Anne makes her final speech, waiting for the execution to be cancelled as Henry promised. A letter from Henry is given to Mary, which reveals he has decided not to stop the execution and save Anne. It also tells Mary that she was only spared because of his respect for her and warns her never to come to court again. Horrified, she watches as her sister is beheaded. Mary then fulfills her last promise to Anne and leaves court with the toddler Elizabeth. The closing captions reveal that Thomas Boleyn, disgraced and alone, died two years after Anne and George's executions. Elizabeth Boleyn died a year after her husband while The Duke of Norfolk was later imprisoned in the tower. The next three generations of his family – son, grandson and great-grandson were all executed for treason. True to her word, Elizabeth Boleyn never saw or spoke to her husband and brother again. Henry's break from the Roman Catholic Church changed the face of England forever. Meanwhile, Mary married William Stafford and lived happily with him and their children away from the royal court for the rest of her life. The captions also reveal that Henry should not have been concerned about leaving England with a strong heir because, in fact, he did: An heir who would rule England for forty-five years and transform it into one of the most powerful nations in Europe. However, it was not the son he desired, but the strong red-haired girl Anne gave him: Queen Elizabeth I. 3. 2 Analysis: In the following I will discuss some aspects in more detail, but not all, because most things as the plot or the individual relationships already occurred in the other texts. As the title of a film is always found at the beginning, I'll start with the consideration of it. The most special part of the title is that its meaning changes during the film. The term the ‘other' Boleyn girl is very vague and so the viewer has a 50:50 chance to guess who of the Boleyn sisters is meant by this term. In one of the first scenes, Mary's wedding, the audience gets to know who is the ‘other' of the sisters and it is Anne, because she says to her sister shortly before the ceremony that Mary is younger than her and more beautiful than Anne, as well. Moreover, Mary is married before her sister. That leads Anne to the conclusion that she is just the ‘other' Boleyn Girl. But during the film the owner of this term changes because soon after Mary got pregnant and Anne returned from France, the king has directed his attention to Anne. So Mary is sent away and becomes just the ‘other' Boleyn girl. But regarding the whole film it is obvious, that mainly Mary is meant by this description. That matches with the author's opinion towards the sisters. For Gregory it is too bad that most people have forgotten Mary Boleyn, just because she was pushed away through the other Boleyn girl. That was the reason why she wrote the novel from Mary's angle, as well. (http://www. philippagregory. com/work/tudor/the-other-boleyn-girl/philippas-quest-for-the-truth-about-mary-boleyn/). Nevertheless the film makers considered Natalie Portman and that means Anne as the first leading actress. Now I am going to describe the opening credits and how it is relevant for the whole. The film starts with a little race of the siblings when they were young. At the beginning Mary is first and Anne second, followed by their brother George. Then with a ploy that Anne cannot run so fast, Mary slowed her pace and Anne overtakes her sister and becomes first in the race. This little incident perfectly shows the history of the sisters' power relations. First Mary is the one who gets all the attention of Henry VIII, but that changes during the film when Anne appears at court and attracts all the attention. If you look at the two aspects again, one can easily see that it's actually all about Henry. If he feels attracted to Mary, Anne is the ‘other' Boleyn girl and after Anne appears again in his life, Mary takes over this term. That leads me to the film's theme. The main theme in the film is definitely power corruption. Both, King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn have such a drive for power that it becomes destructive for them in the end. The king would do anything, even murder, for getting a male heir and his wife Anne is not better. She even ruins the life of her siblings just to get what she wants. It is amazing enough that she really tries to become Queen of England and achieves it, as well. In a way both ultimately failed because Anne was executed for her not customizable lust for power and crazy ways and the king failed in producing a male heir. So actually he produced one and Jane Seymour gave birth to him in the end, but it was not the long-awaited successor. This part was already reserved for little Elizabeth, Anne's daughter. Blessed with all the good qualities of her family she ruled England to a whole new era and becomes the most important Queen of England in the entire history. 3. Special Feature: The birth order of the siblings: The most significant aspect of the comparison between the reality and the film would definitely be the order of birth. We can never really be sure about the real birth order, but through the years a number of different sources were found from which we can define the approximate dates of birth of the sisters. The parents of the siblings marrie d in 1500, so the two could not be born before that date. (Vgl. David Starkey, Six Wives, The Queens of Henry VIII, Random, 2003. ) Later historians tried to establish her birth date, but they always varied from the earliest possible date: 1500 (Vgl. Gregorio Leti(1630-1701), 1693. Historia overo Vita di Elisabetta, Regina d'Inghilterra. ) to 1507 (Vgl. :William Camden (1551-1623), The history of the princess Elizabeth, Flower-de-luce, 1675). It is handed, that Anne Boleyn had to be nearly thirty when she was executed in 1536 (Vgl. ) which would support the 1507 date, and when her body was exhumed in the Victorian period the archaeologists then thought she had been between twenty five and thirty at the time of her death. (Alison Weir, S. 167, The six wives of Henry VIII,1991, Groove Press), which would suggest a birth date of 1511. So we have a range of possible birth dates for Anne, in the eleven years from 1500 to 1511. We have no date of birth for Mary Boleyn at all, but since she was married in 1520, she would have been sexually mature at that age, so she could not have been born after 1508 (vgl. S. 40 ;Mary Boleyn-the true Story of Henry VIII's favorite mistress, Josephine Wilkinson, 2009). So the specific birth dates of the siblings are unknown, as is the order of their births. We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age. (http://englishhistory. net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn. html). 3. 4 Cast and Crew: One of the leading role, Anne Boleyn, is played by Natalie Portman who was attracted to the role describing Anne as â€Å"strong yet she can be vulnerable and she's ambitious and calculating and will step on people but also feels remorse for it. â€Å"One month before filming began, Portman started taking daily classes to master the English accent under dialect coach Jill McCulloch. Ironically, Anne spoke with a French accent because she was raised in France. (http://www. girl. com. au/natalie-portman-the-other-boleyn-girl-interview. htm). Anne's sister Mary Boleyn is the other leading role and played by Scarlett Johansson. For the young actress the film was a big hurdle, because for her it is â€Å"such a melodramatic tale†. (http://www. dailymail. co. uk/debate/columnists/article-403137/Scarletts-Royal-scandal. html) The third leading role is taken by Eric Bana, who plays Henry VIII of England. For Bana this role was a great offer, because he describes the character of Henry as â€Å"a man who was somewhat juvenile, and driven by passion and greed†, and that he interpreted the character as â€Å"this man who was involved in an incredibly intricate, complicated situation, largely through his own doing† (http://www. ilmmonthly. com/paul_fischer_exclusive/bana_takes_on_kings_and_icons. html) Other characters (http://www. fandango. com/theotherboleyngirl_v353424/castandcrew): Jim Sturgess as George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford Kristin Scott Thomas as Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire and Ormond Mark Rylance as Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire David Morrissey as Thomas Howard, 3 rd Duke of Norfolk Benedict Cumberbatch as William Carey Oliver Coleman as Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland Ana Torrent as Katherine of Aragon Eddie Redmayne as William Stafford Juno Temple as Jane Parker Iain Mitchell as Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex Corinne Galloway as Jane Seymour Bill Wallis as Archbishop Cranmer Crew: The film â€Å"The other Boleyn Girl† was directed by newcomer Justin Chadwick and the screenplay was adapted by Peter Morgan from the 2001 bestselling-novel â€Å"The other Boleyn Girl† by Philippa Gregory. Historical circumstances – by Gregory told in detail over 600 pages – can be reduced by screenwriter Peter Morgan on several obvious scenes. Even though, it reveals how women have been abused, but at the same time possessed of more power than many men had. http://www. cineman. de/movie/2008/TheOtherBoleynGirl/review. html) 3. 5 Settings: Most of the shooting took place in Kent, England, although the real Hever Castle was not used, which was the original household of the Boleyns from 1505-1539. For the Tower of London the Baron's Hall at Penshurst Place and the Knole House in Sevenoaks were used in some scenes, The home of the Bol eyns was represented by Great Chalfield Manor in Wiltshire, and other scenes were filmed at locations in Derbyshire, including Cave Dale, Haddon Hall, Dovedale and North Lees Hall near Hathersage. http://www. visitpeakdistrict. com/be-inspired/boleyn-girl. aspx). The world premiere was at the 58th Berlin International Film Festival held on February 7-17, 2008, but the film was released in theaters on February 29, 2008. The combined worldwide gross of the film was $75,598,644 more than double the film's $35 million budget. (http://www. boxofficemojo. com/movies/? page=intl&id=otherboleyngirl. htm) 3. 6 Comparison grid: The film | The reality | -Historical fiction | -Reality | Emotional | -Neutral and objective | â€Å"loose, airy fantasy-novel mentality † | Serious historical events | William Carey just disappears | William Carey dies of the sweat fiver | Characters and relationships are decorated and filled | Real behavior and characteristics of the characters are just assuma ble | Boleyn lineage: badge of honor (why? ) | Personal pride and historical importance | Mens' will: sexiness and power | Not handed | Incest relationship with George B. Inappropriate relationships with others, too | The spending time of the sisters in France is not mentioned | The time in France was very important for the education of the sisters | Anne is the older sister | The birth order is not proven | Mary is presented as a shy country girl | Mary is a lively girl | Mary had just an affair with the king | Mary had several affairs with some kings | Anne: not interested in religion | Supporter of the religious reforms | Anne's accusations seem to be right | It is proven hat they were wrong | Kind of â€Å"soap opera† | Real history | 3. 7 Scene analysis of the banquet scene: In the banquet scene from â€Å"The other Boleyn girl† the audience is introduced into the English court. To begin, I am going to present the plot of the scene. It is the first evening at cour t, so Anne and her siblings are going to the court's banquet. First Mary is nervous and unconfident but talking to her friend Stafford helps her to relax. Anne is still mad at her sister and family for deciding Mary to be the king's new mistress. It would not be Anne, if she would sulk for a long time. After a while, she has already chosen someone new to bewitch and enchant. So she tries to find a way back to be admired and for the admirer she picks no one else than the already engaged Henry Percy. They both flirt with each other. Meanwhile she is dancing with her brother, who has his own little problems. Jane Parker, a sneaky, insane and very loyal lady-in-waiting of Katharina of Aragon, has her eye on him. The problem is that he feels exactly the opposite. The harmon dance and flirty scene gets interrupted, when the king appears on the scene. He paves his way to Mary, just to tell her that he is expecting her tonight. Mary becomes pale and seems to be depressed. Moreover, Anne has observed the scene. Being hurt and mad by the behavior of the king and her sister she suddenly has no more desire to flirt with Henry Percy. In the banquet scene you can group the different persons. First, there are Mary and Stafford, who are talking to each other. Then there are Anne and her brother where one must add Anne flirting Henry Percy, flirting with Anne, and George observing Jane Parker. Of course you cannot forget the majesty, the king, but he is presented as a sole ruler without anyone around him, but guardianship. Less important and without text, you can notice Sir Thomas Boleyn, the father of the siblings, the Duke of Norfolk, their uncle and of course Mary's husband, William Carey. Now I am going to present the scene's function. One the one hand there is the obvious aim of introducing the court's world to the audience but the actual intention of this scene is definitely to show all the different relationships. This scene includes many prospects, as well, so that the audience can imagine for themselves what will further happen. First, there are Mary and Stafford. They will marry later in the film and move to the countryside again. Then there are Anne and Henry Percy. They will marry, as well, but in contrast to her sister's marriage this one will be annulled by Anne's father and Anne gets exiled for that. Then there is George, who will marry, as well, but different to his sisters, he is forced to that act by his family and the choice fell on none other than Jane Parker, the only woman he loathes. Now I will place the scene in the overall context. Being showed after half an hour, you cannot really say that it is at the beginning, but nevertheless it is the opening scene for the second part of the film, the time at the English court. As you can imagine, this scene is followed by the first night of Mary and Henry. Furthermore the balance of power will change soon, when Henry loses interest in Mary and turns himself to the ‘other' Boleyn Girl, Anne. Now I am going to present the cinematography of the scene. It starts with a close up of Mary Boleyn, whose face shows a curious expression and glides into a tracking movement which changes into a medium shot, because Mary walks deeper into the room and finally disappears in the crowd. The camera angle changes into a high angle camera to give the audience an impression of the whole banquet. Simultaneously it still tracks Mary. Then there is a close up of Sir Thomas Boleyn, because Mary meets him during her way through the crowd. She implies a bow and goes out of the shot, leaving a desperate Thomas in the picture. Turning into a medium shot, because Mary paused, the camera reverse-angel shot to show what Mary sees, and that are her siblings who talk to each other. Then there is a fast change of medium shots between Anne and George and Jane Parker, The siblings are talking about her, so the shot shows her as well, to give the audience an impression of her. Turning away from Jane, the shot changes to Mary again, whose finally stopped her way and is found by Stafford. The shot changes from medium to close on an eye-level shot, because there are too many dancing people around them. Talking about Anne and her flirting with Henry Percy the camera tracks Anne and shows close-ups of her smiling and Henry's fascinated face. The scene gets interrupted by a knock which announces the king's entry. It starts with a long shot, which changes into a medium, because the king walks towards the camera. Between the shot a close up of Anne's bewildered face is shown. Then the laughing Mary and her friend Stafford are shown in a close up. The laughing stops right away, when Mary discovers the king. After telling her the word â€Å"tonight† he walks away again and Mary's scared face is shown in a extreme close up. The camera changes again to show the audience Anne's reaction of this act. She seems composed, but with her behavior and her body language, which is shown in the medium shot, the audience gets to know that she is totally upset inwardly and leaves the stage. Then it changes to a close up of Mary's husband and her uncle. Both of them react completely differently. The Duke is proud that his plan starts to work and smiles but William Carey drinks the rest of his wine with one gulp and seems to be very desperate. The last shot is a close up of the satisfied face of the king. As he walks out of the shot the audience can notice a completely anxious and scared Mary. Her face is the last shot of the scene. The scene, like the whole film, uses an actually normal language. Of course, there is no colloquial language but also no real ancient language. To sum up, you can say that I have chosen this scene because I think that it is a good scene to get a good overview of all the different relationships. 3. 8 My own review: As far as I can see, the makers of the film did very well by adapting the novel written by Philippa Gregory. So, one can say that it is not their fault that the novel is more like a romantic drama, which consists mostly of sexual and emotional relationships. Every relationship goes through ups and downs and the entire movie consists of them. It presents how different relationships are established to each other and stand in the way of another. For me, the several relationships were implemented well and you could follow the course of the individual relationships very easily. What I dislike about the film is, that people who have no foreknowledge can not understand the film right away. There are too many names or incidents which stay unexplained. For example, the missing introducing of Stafford and the lack of explaining the family's rejection towards him. Or the fate of Mary's husband. I know it because I read the novel but most of the viewers can only guess that he died. One could assume that they skipped them because they are not important for the main plot but for me a good film somehow brings in all the details and guides the audience, so that it does not lose the track. All in all, one can say that the film is actually made very well because we still have to remember that this is fiction and made to be entertaining and keep the readers interest. As far as I can see one of the things that is most enjoyable about historical fiction is learning about characters and events we think we know and getting a completely different angle. Novelists have always had artistic license and should be allowed to interpret things in ways that entertain. If you want straight facts you shouldn't expect to get it from a work of fiction like this novel and the resulting film. That is what I learned through the work with the film and the novel. Having said that, Gregory knows her history and I for one trust her interpretations. It's also her right as a novelist to either stick rigidly to known facts or play with it as much as she likes. So I cannot criticize that the facts are actually totally different. I just can compare them. Peter Morgan, for his part, did his job very well by adapting the novel, because he neither changed the weight of the informations Gregory wanted to give her audience nor changed the period of the novel. The only thing he changed, and what could be criticized is the point of view. In the novel the story was told from Mary's point of view, but the film was more about everyone in the plot to get ahead using the sisters. To sum up, I can tell you that the film has succeeded really well and has remained the spirit of Gregory's novel. It is and remains a historical fiction so we have to look at it that way. 4. 0 Relationships: 4. 1 Anne and Mary: 4. 1. 1 in the film: Like we already concluded, the whole film is made on a very emotional level. The relationships of the different characters are definitely in the center of the film. Especially Mary's and Anne's. In the following I'm going to describe and analyze the totally different characters. On the one hand you can say, that there are characteristics, which do not change in the whole film, but on the other hand particularly Anne's behavior towards her sister changes from acceptance to jealousy, from love to hate. Of course, Mary is not so naive so that she does not customize her behavior but in the end you can notice that Mary still loves her sister and never stopped it. But let's start at the beginning. Mary's wedding with William Carey is the first incident which caused a breach in the relationship. For that you have to know, that in the film the birth order is arranged like this: George is the oldest, then comes Anne as the oldest sister and Mary was the last of the three surviving Boleyn children. So of course it is an insult and a humiliation for Anne that her younger sister is marrying before she is married. What Anne does not know, is that it was the aim of her father that his favorite daughter Anne marries somebody of noble. Through his eyes the viewer gets to know a lot of characteristics. To the father, Anne is smarter and stronger than her sister. Whereas Mary is the one with the friendly and uncomplicated behavior. For those days, she had all the properties a good and honest wife had to have. With her open-minded and naive ways, it is obvious that Mary loves Anne more than Anne loves her sister. Anne is always driven by jealousy because Mary is definitely the prettier one of them. The relationship gets another little break when Mary becomes Henry's mistress after Anne tried so hard to get his attention. Like the incident with Mary's marriage, it is so humiliating for Anne. Being at the Court just as ‘the other Boleyn Girl', is something which Anne can not accept. She focusses on other things and without the knowledge of her family she marries Henry Percy. Doing an inappropriate act like this, takes consequences with it. Anne is sent to France because her sister Mary betrayed her by telling their father about the marriage. Not because she wanted to be mean but more for trying to rescue the life and reputation of her beloved sister. The whole power relations changes in the middle of the film, where Mary gets pregnant and Anne's exile in France ends, so that she could come back to court to entertain the king and always remembering him of Mary. From that moment everything changes for Anne. With her new education she knows, how to act. She becomes provocative in a very amusing way, which pleasant the king. Mary is not longer necessary and the relationship of the two sister breaks totally when Henry does not take any note of his own son. When Anne becomes the Queen of England and Mary's presence at court is not longer important, she is sent to the countryside. Now and then she is re-ordered to court when Anne needs her help and each time she comes without being mean. She is always there to help. On the day of Anne's execution she even goes to Henry to beg for her sister's life. That shows, that Mary loved her sister until the end. After Anne's execution, Mary takes her niece Elizabeth with her to countryside to raise her so that she could fulfill Anne's last wish. Their relationship, how it is presented in the film, is the perfect one to show us, that it does not matter what you are doing to your sister or brother, you are always forgive them. Mary's whole life was taken by Anne and nevertheless she still stands there at Anne's execution to give her hope and take her fear away. 4. 1. 2 In reality: It is obvious, that the film just created this whole relationship's ups and downs. There are not any proven documents which include all this. (†¦ In reality of course everything is different. Like it is always. There was not this close relationship like it was presented in the film. For most historians Mary Boleyn was not such an important person in Anne's life. Phillipa Gregory, the author of the novel â€Å"the other Boleyn Girl† has a different opin ion. (Vgl: Seite meiner Facharbeit) Nevertheless, there are not so many facts about the relationship of the sisters but you can probably say that their relationship was not something spectacular because they did not spend so much time together. When Anne was at the french Court together with Mary Tudor, her sister still lived with her family. She moved to the court alone and then after several years (? ) Anne appeared there, too. I do not think that there was the whole rivalry like it was presented in the novel and in the film. That's probably because they never really shared the King. When Mary was his mistress, Anne was not even interested in him, but more in increasing her french education. After the liason Henry dropped Mary and searched for a new mistress. We do not know, if there were one or even more than one mistresses between Mary and Anne, so their paths have never really crossed (Vgl. ). After Anne became Queen of England nobody took care of Mary anymore. And that increases when Mary married her love Stafford. Knowing the fact, that it was forbidden for Mary coming to the court again, we can definitely say that she never returned. Not to convince Henry of Anne's innocence and virginity and not for her execution. That was just made up in the film ( ). Surprisingly, some characteristics stayed almost the same. From what we know, or I should say, from what we assume, Mary was the prettier sister of them but Anne could compete against her with her uniquely french education upon fashion and flirtation. She was a cultivated musician, singer and dancer. ((http://englishhistory. net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn. html). I can imagine, that their relationship was probably really close when they were young. The age difference was very small, so they were apparently educated together. Another instance could be that their family status in the society and at the court was not so high. The Boleyns were not destituted or poor, but not a member of the bourgeois society at all. (Vgl: S. 4 The life and death of Anne Boleyn, Eriv Ives, 2004). Knowing this fact, we can assume, that the children lived closely together in one house without having so much staff. Nevertheless, you can not say that Anne and Mary were best friends. But it is possible and assumable as well, because it is handed that Anne was the only person of the Boleyns who still loved Mary after all her liasons. Erlauterung: Mary had a not really confirmed affair with King Francis I of France and several others in France; the unauthorized marriage to William Stafford) From what I've gathered from various history books, Mary Boleyn was certainly not the enlightened 21st century woman that Gregory made her out to be. Mary was political ly simple and selfish. You could actually say, that there was a role reversal. In the reality Anne is the solicitous and protective one, whereas Mary takes over the part of the care-free and still fun-seeing sister. 4. 2 Henry and Anne: 4. 2. 1 in the film: Actually you have to split the relationships in the one between the King and his mistress Anne and the one between a husband and his wife. But I will regard the relationships as one to show who combining this two relationships ultimately leads to their fail. But let's start at the beginning. Henry first meets Anne at a visit in her father's house. There he is more disinclined because in his opinion she is too emancipated. On the chase he tries to be brave and had an accident which was caused by Anne. With her male behavior she reaches the opposite of what she actually wanted to get. All in all, her overtures ended when Mary is sent to the court to be Henry's mistress. After her secret marriage with Henry Percy, Anne was sent to France to learn how to behave as a young unmarried woman. Being back at court, Henry gets to know a whole new side of Anne. Now she learned how to use her strong emancipation, so that Henry is fascinated of her fresh, all new ambitious and strong kind. She acts as a very well behaved and educated woman. So you can really say, that she enchantes him in a fascinating way. Being the King of England, Henry can gets whatever he wants and is allowed to rule above everything. But Anne wants to be free and denies him. So I think, for the first time in his life, Henry had to chase after a woman so hard, but in the end he did not win Anne as mistress which was his actual aim, but as wife, which is actually hard to believe for those days. One can hardly imagine that a man who is so powerful and always seems so incorruptible, was so crazy after a woman that he separated a whole nation from the catholic church just to marry her just to sleep with her. I think there was never any kind of love, but more envy and desire and maybe a kind of affection. 4. 2. 2 in reality Anne is first noticed at the English court and from Henry when she played a part of Perseverance in the Shrove Tuesday pageant of 1522. (compare Anne Boleyn, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,London, 1885). Henry fell passionately in love with Anne, and expected her to become his mistress. But rebellious Anne refused, which started a chain of events which ended in England's break with the Roman Catholic Church. Throughout history, people always have wondered why Anne held out for so many years before marrying Henry. It must have been a challenge, as Henry was King of England and very powerful. What made Anne behave so differently? There are several possible explanations. One involves Anne's love for Henry Percy. Another factor in Anne's refusal to become Henry's mistress was her sister Mary's involvement with the King. But Henry ended the affair when Mary became pregnant. All in all, Mary did not benefit noticeably from her relationship with Henry VIII. This undoubtedly was a factor in Anne's decision to withhold her favors from the King. Henry was determined to divorce Catherine and marry Anne. Catherine refused to give him a divorce, and the Catholic Church would not support Henry's position. So Henry founded the English Church. I doubt that there were a greater declaration of love in the entire world history. After achieving their goals, Henry and Anne expected to be happy. Unfortunately, this did not happen. They were both tired and edgy from the stresses of the past several years. In addition, Henry started losing interest in Anne shortly after he fully attained her favors. Henry also finally realized how much his marriage to Anne had cost him. A number of good people, including friends and associates of Henry's, had lost their lives due to loyalty and treason issues stemming from the English church's break from Rome. After a

Nature vs. Nurture Essay - 1987 Words

Keith Mierzejewski Methods of Critical Thinking Research Paper December 11, 2010 Nature vs. Nurture One of the most enduring debates in the field of psychology is the controversial idea of nature vs. nurture. Throughout the endless history of the debate, no clear conclusion has been met, only hypotheses have been formed. At the center of the debate, human behaviors, ideas, and feelings are being determined, whether they are learned or inherited. Determining physical traits, such as eye color or hair color, are simple because they are hereditary traits. The idea of having a certain personality, intelligence, or ability is under discussion because scientists cannot determine if these traits are learned, or predetermined by genes. The†¦show more content†¦If identical twins were truly identical, then their development in two different environments would not affect their behavioral differences. Identical twins that are not separated may still differ from each other. Dr. Farber conducted a study that measured the degree of being separated and I.Q. test scores. On average, Dr. Farber discovered that the more separated the twins were, the greater the difference between their I.Q. scores. If intelligence had been hereditary, then these identical twins that were reared apart and separated would still have the same amount of intelligence; yet, they do not (Gruber). When determining whether homosexuality is caused by an individual’s environment and surroundings or by genetics, the answer is unknown. To this day, researchers are still pondering whether or not this â€Å"gay gene† exists. Most gays and lesbians believe their sexual orientation is an inborn trait or developed in earlier years of life. However, opponents of gay rights believe homosexuality is a behavior that is created through the conscience thought, and this behavior can be changed or developed at will. In 1993, a study was done Dean Hamer, a scientist from the National Cancer Institute. He reported that he had linked male homosexuality to a small region, specifically the end, of one human chromosome: the x-shaped chromosome. Thirty-three of forty pairs of gay brothers were found to have this identical piece ofShow MoreRelatedNature Vs Nurture : Is The Nature Or Nurture?1300 Words   |  6 PagesAoS 3: Student Directed Research Investigation Unit 1 Psychology - Megan Rodrigues RESEARCH QUESTION How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refersRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature And Nurture : Nature Vs. Nurture1780 Words   |  8 PagesAs Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Human behavior is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Psychologists are interested in learning which of these factors is a greater influence on human behavior and identity. Although psychologists today generally agree that both nature and nurture play a role in conditioning behavior, there is still disagreement about the part that each of the factors have in determining behavior. The nature versus nurture debate focuses around the extentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 Pages Nature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influe nce. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture1405 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2015 Nature vs. Nurture Very few people know that the nature vs. nurture debate actually began early on with famous Greek philosophers such as Plato and Descartes. These two theorized that certain things were inborn and occurred naturally regardless of environmental factors (Cherry 1). Most people began to witness this debate in 1896 when the phrase â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† was coined by English polymath, Francis Galton (â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture†Origins 1). At this point the nature vs. nurture debate grewRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture901 Words   |  4 Pagestime the proverbial nature vs. nurture question has sparked quite a debate. I hold the belief that nature vs. nurture is a zero-sum game. We essentially enter this existence, a lump of clay that needs molding in order to take form. So, I believe my creative abilities can be attributed to the sum of our genetic predisposition, the nurture of our mind, and the dynamic of both nature and nurture, with nurture being the predominant influencing factor. In psychology, nature refers to the inheritedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture And Nurture1777 Words   |  8 Pagesformed and cultivated through nature or nurture. This psychological anomaly is why I am writing this paper. Ever since I have enrolled in, and taken, a psychology class during my junior year, I have questioned whether every little emotion and action is because of nature or nurture. No topic is more widely explored and researched than morality. It cannot be scientifically or psychologically proven or tested, making any claim highly controversial. This idea, of nature vs nurture, that I had previously researchedRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture1463 Words   |  6 PagesT What can we define as Human Nature and Nurture? The Nature vs. Nurture has been a long never ending debate for some time now. Nature vs Nurture has been so profoundly debated, that now it’s unclear whether what makes us who we are and what we do, nature or nurture. For purposes of this essay Nature is going to be defined as characteristics we acquire through our genetic and biological factors, while that Nurture is going to be defined characteristics we acquire through our interactions and influencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1337 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture There are many different ways that behavior can be explained, especially on the terms of nature vs. nurture. Aggression is a behavior that has been extensively analyzed in a complex manner and the causes of it can be explained many different ways. Aggression can be defined as hostile or destructive behavior that can cause injury or destructive outlook especially when caused by frustration. Nature can be defined as aspects of behavior that have been inherited or are genetic, while

Essay on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - 1856 Words

Abstract Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. I am seeking to find the possible causes to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome so in the future deaths could be avoided. Researchers have studied the many possible causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and four have been selected for this paper. The first study addressed the effects of an†¦show more content†¦The researchers also examined a correlation between the prenatal risk factors and the incidences of SIDS. Sample: The researcher collected a sample of 244 SIDS cases and 869 controls in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. All the SIDS diagnosis were confirmed by the same forensic pathologist for accuracy. Four control groups were selected with the criteria of sameness in gender, age and place of birth. Method: Between the years of 1992 to 1995 the parents of the SIDS victims completed a questionnaire inquired as to the potential risk factors of SIDS. The questions on the questionnaire were regarding the sleeping position (independent variable) of the infant and prenatal information (independent variable) prior to death due to SIDS (dependent variable). Findings: The results found a high risk factor in prone and side sleeping in infants 13 to 24 weeks old and that the risk for prone sleeping was higher in girls than it was for boys. Also, the incidence of SIDS was higher in prone and side sleeping positions than supine sleeping position. The incidence of SIDS was found to be greater in infants of low birth weight and that were considered preterm. Additionally, infants who experienced intrauterine retarded growth showed a higher risk for SIDS when slept in theShow MoreRelatedEssay Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1594 Words   |  7 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a mysterious phenomena that has managed to confound science so far. SIDS is defined as the sudden death of any infant or young child that is unexpected by history and in which a thorough post mortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause (Hunt Brouillette, 1987). It is the leading cause of death in infants in developed countries occurring at a rate of almost 2 per 1000 births. It most often occurs in infants betweenRead MoreEssay Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1401 Words   |  6 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent cause of death between 1 month and 1 year of age (Naeye). SIDS is defined as the sudden death of any infant or young child that is unexpected by it’s history, and in which a thorough postmortem examination fails to determine an adequate cause (Hunt 1987). It is important to consider both aspects of this definition in order not to ‘overdiagnose’ SIDS. A mistake of this nature would occur with failure to reportRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Essay3915 Words   |  16 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sudden infant death syndrome, better known as S.I.D.S., is one of the leading causes for the inflated infant mortality rate in this country today. It is often misunderstood or unrecognizable. For the most part, the causes of SIDS are unknown to the general public. This is changing, however, as public awareness is ever increasing. Thus, the purpose of this paper will be to explain sudden infant death syndrome and its known or suggested causes. Also, theRead MoreA Study On Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1664 Words   |  7 Pagespaediatrician from Norway and Sweden and the forensic institution of Denmark invited parents of sudden infant death syndromes (SIDS) to take part in the study. Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby. There were several aims behind the study. The main aim of the study was to overlook whether smoking was a cause of risk for sudden infant death syndrome and whether the consequence is owed to maternal smoking during the pregnancy or to inhalingRead MoreThe Case Of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1820 Words   |  8 Pagesdisability and death.† Thus, high quality evidence needs to be based on the research, which can establish efficacy in one particular population, but also on the effectiveness of the intervention in the specific population. (Riegelman and Kirkwood, 2015). For many public health issues interventions play a crucial role in getting such issues under control. In the case of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in Native American populations infants were ranked second highest in SIDS deaths in the U.S. atRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;SIDS, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, a leading cause of death in infants under the age of one, has left medical experts unable to clearly define sudden infant death syndrome. After thirty years of research, the medical field has not discovered definite causes for SIDS. Medical experts have suggested many theories that have been studied and debated. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the Western world, SIDS is the most common cause of death for infants between twoRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or crib death is an abrupt and inexplicable death of an apparently healthy infant. Most of the cases involve infants from ages 1-12 months, and the event occurs during the night. Various theories have been postulated from research results but without consistency of the etiology. Since the death is sudden, prior diagnostic criteria or patterns are not available for correlation, although some near-miss infants have beenRead MoreSudden Infant Death Syndrome - Research Paper1872 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. I am seeking to find the possible causesRead MoreEssay on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)802 Words   |  4 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Many questions about the causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as â€Å"crib death,† are still unresolved. The mysterious and elusive nature of SIDS creates problems, doubts, and more questions. This paper will present some of the most commonly asked questions as well as the answers that have been uncovered by scientists after years of research and study. In 1969, researchers agreed to define SIDS as â€Å"the sudden death of an infant or youngRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS and African Americans Essay2616 Words   |  11 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome and African-Americans Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that many people still are trying to figure out why it happens to these babies. This syndrome is described as an unexplained death of an infant younger than one year of age. SIDS is frightening because it can strike without warning and affect a good, healthy infant. Most SIDS deaths occur at night and without warning. SIDS victims may have been down for sleep for as little as ten minutes, they

financial accounting - 2403 Words

21. Generally accepted accounting principles c. derive their credibility and authority from general recognition and acceptance by the accounting profession. 22. A soundly developed conceptual framework of concepts and objectives should d. all of these. 23. Which of the following (a-c) are not true concerning a conceptual framework in account-ing? c. It should be based on fundamental truths that are derived from the laws of nature. S24. Which of the following is not a benefit associated with the FASB Conceptual Framework Project? d. Business entities will need far less assistance from accountants because the financial reporting process will be quite easy to apply. 25. In the conceptual framework for financial†¦show more content†¦all of these. 47. In classifying the elements of financial statements, the primary distinction between revenues and gains is c. the nature of the activities that gave rise to the transactions involved. 48. A decrease in net assets arising from peripheral or incidental transactions is called a(n) c. loss. 49. One of the elements of financial statements is comprehensive income. As described in Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6, Elements of Financial Statements, comprehensive income is equal to d. none of these. 50. Which of the following elements of financial statements is not a component of compre-hensive income? b. Distributions to owners P51. Which of the following is false with regard to the element comprehensive income? d. It excludes prior period adjustments (transactions that relate to previous periods, such as corrections of errors). S52. According to the FASB conceptual framework, earnings b. exclude certain gains and losses that are included in comprehensive income. S53. According to the FASB Conceptual Framework, the elementsï‚ ¾assets, liabilities, and equityï‚ ¾describe amounts of resources and claims to resources at/during a a. Yes No S54. 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Apple Inc Free Essays

Apple was founded by Steve Job and Steve Wozniak on April 1, 1976. Since this company launched to the market, it had been the leader of the world of technology for almost two decades. It not only was the pioneer of the desktop computer but also has a large successful number of products introduced over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now By 1990, Apple had 1 billion in cash and more than $5.5 billion in sales and the ROE was 32% by that time it was considered as a year profitable. However, this situation was not permanent Apple suffered the decay due to the technological market was extremely fast changing as it was moving through the people ‘lives. Additional, there were other factors that affect Apple such as competition in the market, products available that can substitute Apple’s products and the price. Therefore, the question is how Apple should do or what strategies should apply Apple forward 1992. Five force Porte’s Analysis Potential competitor: By 1991 the income of hardware was $50 billion in the market and $30 billion for software and about 100 million for installing. The topmost 17 of computing’s industry that located in the market have increased their market share by installed united from 39% in 1981 to 61% in 1991. Of these 17 companies, the most relevant that could compete with Apple was IBM, NEC, Compac and Olivtti. Additionally, the companies that prevalent in the production of the microprocessor (brain center of the computer) was Intel and Microsoft. With these two companies (Intel and Microsoft) worked together to seize the market share almost 90% assuming $40 billion in software was installed in the Intel and Microsoft, then only $4.5 billion to $5 billion on Apple which means only covered 10% of the market share. New Entrants: For the personal computer industry, it could classify in components such as memory storage, microprocessor, operation system, platform, application software and distribution for each one had a different level of barriers of entry. For example, Microsoft and Intel which produce microprocessor and operation system. This kind of products was required high specialization and a high cost of investment, therefore, it had higher barriers of entry. However, for the platforms, application software and distribution have low barriers of entry it was due to these products was easy to imitate and it required lower investment to produce it. Bargaining power of buyer: it could categorize into three sectors: the first one was business/government which is the large one. This sector could produce 60% of the units and 70% of the total income. The second was individual/home market produce 31% of units and 23% of income the last one and also the small sector one it was educational that only could generate 9% of units and 7% of income. With this information we can assume that the large business, government, and school, the could buy computers in a huge volume as a result, they were strong enough to dictate term and bargain on price, quality, and service. However, personal computer was more sensitive to the price because they were more likely to notice a price rise and switch to another product. Bargaining power of supplier: the components for manufacturing personal computer was the microprocessor, motherboard, memory storage, and peripherals such as monitor, keyboard or mouse, along with bundled software. The memory storage and peripheral were components that was extremely regularized and very accessible from any supplier which mean it would be easy to switch from one supplier to another. Consequently, the supplier of those similar components had lower force in the PC industry. However, Microsoft and Intel which produce microprocessor and operation system, these components embraced important power in the market especially for the personal computer makers that they wanted to trade their computer as a package which means include preinstalled software. Moreover, Apple worked exclusively with Motorola. Motorola was the only supplier to Apple. Therefore, it was not only would not be easy to change the supplier but also was sensitive price. How to cite Apple Inc, Papers Apple Inc Free Essays Features of Apple Industry:2 Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader4 Strategic Innovation5 Recommendation7 Conclusion8 Reflection of our group work9 References12 Introduction As the first of the World’s Most Innovative Companies (Business week, 2010) and the 17th of the Best Global Brands (Interbrand, 2010), Apple has succeeded in strategic leadership and innovation, which has drawn attention from the world recently. This essay focuses on some key issues of Apple’s innovation. It begins with analyzing the key features of Apple Inc by Porter’s five forces and Kay’s distinctive capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader and explanations of Apple’s strategic innovation are involved. The final section is our recommendations to Apple. Features of Apple Industry: In the stage of analyzing the key features of Apple industry, the first method is the Porter’s five forces model. It divides into five parts, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry within an industry (Assen, Berg and Pietersma,2009). Firstly, for Apple, there are some new entrants have disruptive power. For example, some online services which are similar to iTunes. However, there are numbers of high requirement for new entrants to get in the market, for instance, time and cost of entry. In the part of substitutes, nowadays, large amount of substitutes have good performance, they cost lower, are easy to switch, but only few of them have same quality as Apple’s products in the same price. In terms of bargaining power of buyers, it is an influential trouble for Apple. Although Apple has vast and loyal customers, every buyer and retailer all want better stuff in lower price. Moreover, they may reduce spending on Apple’s products if their economy downturn. Furthermore, Apple can ignore bargaining power of its professional suppliers, such as Inter, and strategic alliance, like Microsoft. The last part is the existing rivalry; Apple has a lot of powerful competitors, for example, HP and Lenovo. They pressure into Apple in every technological area and attract buyers by different products. Nevertheless, to be the most innovation company of the world, Apple industry is competitive all the time. Another method used in analysing key features of Apple industry is Kay’s distinctive capabilities. This model consists of Architecture, Reputation and Innovation. Architecture: in the internal part between firm and employees, Apple industry has owns special corporate culture and a spiritual leadership. Apple corporate culture is featured in intense works and being pursuit of perfect works under a casual atmosphere and with sharing spirit. For a spiritual leadership, Steve Jobs’ role in Apple is motivating employees to bring employees’ creative talent into full play and not involving in the employees’ work. In the external part and net works of architecture, Apple only choose strong suppliers having professional advantages to cooperate, such as Intel, it always cooperate other firms with its own purpose. For instance, the apple chose the Google to take advantage of its maps and video features for phone. Reputation: Apple has a great reputation that is built up on the basis of the quality signals and consumers’ own experiences. Apple pays attention to quality of products. Apple keeps a trial and error on every product to prevent any quality problems from happening in future. Moreover, Apple’s production is always based on consumers’ experience. For example, Apple offers a free trial for consumers to feel their products. Innovation: Apple is famous for its innovation that can be demonstrated by technological innovation, product innovation and management innovation. Technological innovation means a perfect integration between hardware and software and Apple also keep updating them. Referring to product innovation, from first imac to recent-product i phone, Apple products, combining different functions, all go through the innovation. Speaking of management innovation, after Steve job’s employment, Apple’s management style is successfully transformed from relaxed style to controlled one. Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader Steve Jobs is known to be eccentric when it comes to strategy and business because he strives to become a market leader by dominating the competitors in customer loyalty, distribution and coverage, perceived value, price, profit and promotional spending. This is evident when we compare Apple and Microsoft because when Microsoft shows profit by sheer quantity, Apple competes strongly with the quality of its products and services. As an innovative leader, Steve Jobs is legendary which is reflected on his company motto â€Å"Think different! † Rethinking, reinventing and revitalizing are the three main ways of doing business according to Steve Jobs. Simplicity and innovation in terms of the product range gave Steve Jobs the edge over other competitors. A well-known example for this is the annual launch of new and updated versions of the iPod with a simple change in colour, form-factor and memory capacity. His risk-taking approach to business is believed to be unique making him an epitome of courage. His idea of self-belief and a vision enabled him to lead a great career life. He believes in investing in new innovative products and services that are built on existing technologies to create a â€Å"customer and market-based business†. His ability to get over failures and try again makes him a suitable comparison with Thomas Edison who had his share of failures along with mighty successes. Apple is a multi-billion company and yet they have just fewer than 30 different products. This is because of Steve Jobs’ immense drive for focus on a specific and well-identified section of the consumer electronics market. This shows the stringent and perseverant character of Steve Jobs as he would have told â€Å"No† to many potential ideas related both to the products and in recruitment. When Steve Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985 and came back in 1996, he implemented what we now believe as a CEO-centric model of strategic leadership that involves not just generation of ideas but also to hold the rudder of a massive ship that is Apple. Hence Steve Jobs will always be remembered as one of the most visionary, creative and high-impact leaders of his generation or any generation. Strategic Innovation Apple has successfully engaged in strategic innovation and has awarded the most innovative firm for triple years continuously. At the same time, it is the top one most admired firm in American (McGregor, 2008). Due to apple’s history, it belongs to established company. Therefore, overcoming the inertia of success and making a change is a big challenge. Combing Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation with apple’s experience, this paper analyzes strategic innovation in Apple. In terms of Markides (1998), strategic innovation is basic principles build up new business modules and creates new markets and increase benefits for both company and consumer. In other words, strategic innovation refers to company needs to market positioning and was good at founding vacant space in market and filled up. Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation are explained as follow: A Managed Innovation Process -Assembling conventional and unconventional ways to business strategy (Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. , 2007). It is said that apple’s products develop in simultaneous stages and Apple always sticks with a proprietary ecosystem. Though it has some drawbacks, the benefits outweigh drawbacks. Core Technologies and Competencies- Main skills (ibid). Due to the face that Apple is high-tech Company, it requires consecutive high technologies innovation. Apple was dedicated to study innovative industrial design; such as apple has the world’s most advanced operating system and intuitive UI and so on. Industry Foresight –Forecasting the complex forces driving change (ibid. Steve Jobs quoted the words from Wayne Gretzky-â€Å"I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been† (Jobs, 2008, cited in Yates, 2010). And he said they always tried to do that at Apple since the very beginning. Strategic Alignment – Establishing Support (ibid). In Apple, when it comes to a strong strategic vision for the business, the powerful leader is capable to align the people in the organization with the direction inherent in this vision. Therefore, the enthusiastic internal support could be achieved. Consumer/Customer Insight – Deep perceiving of target (ibid). On one hand, Apple possesses wide audience ranging from amateurs to professionals. On the other hand, Apple satisfies customers’ requirements. All products are characterized by human interface design and ease of use, combing aesthetics and simplicity, showing a perfect balance of form and function. Organizational Readiness – The ability to implement strategy (ibid. ) The board of directors had been re-structured since Jobs took over in 1997. Apple gets an excellent leadership and team spirit. At the same time, Apple masters core technologies and competencies. Sufficient preparation leads to success. Disciplined Implementation –Putting the strategy into effect (ibid. ) Apple’s process of implementation follows the module: culture- product-user-brand. All the products that meet user’s needs abide by their culture, which causes consumer loyalty; they get good reputation, therefore, the brand is established. Certainly, effective marketing strategy is an essential part of successful implementation. Recommendation Based on analysis above, here follows some recommendations to Apple. Maintain design spirit. As most customers are attracted by peculiar aesthetic design of products, Apple should continue paying attention to it. Keep innovation. Innovation is the soul of Apple Inc, Keeping innovation will bring Apple a bright future. Improve product compatibility. Improving compatibility is able to increase the opportunities of choosing Apple products. At the same time, the product market share will be improved. Search for the promising leader and create positive crises. It is essential to find another brilliant leader after Jobs. Apple should keep unsatisfied with current success and pursue change. Find hi-tech partners. Consumer electronics and entertainment industry are high competitive industries which update technology frequently. Thus, finding partner is crucial for an enterprise in the industry, especially, a hi-tech partner. Conclusion According to studied about Apple, it can be reached that there is an excellent management team in Apple Inc. , especially the CEO Steve Jobs, a strategic, spiritual leader with strong personality. In terms of strategy of the corporation, it is sticking to core competencies and innovation strategy, making the perfect products to consumer. With reference to organization, Apple is a mix-mechanic and organic style. Staffs in Apple are always with passion and love their own company as well. Performance of Apple in the consumer electronic and entrainment market which is a hyper competition market with technology updating speedily is excellent. There are a large number of loyal customers, great strategies, beautiful products and influential leadership which are all produced by Apple, an innovation corporation. Reflection of our group work Our group work focuses on a topic- Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc. y Apple case studies, several key questions are asked to answer, including the key features of Apple industry, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader, explanations of Apple’s strategic innovation and our recommendations to Apple. Our group activities was proceed according to a routine of making assignment for each people; then searching for materials individually; next, sharin g ideas and of discussing issues together. In the following part, we will introduce a procedure of our group activity in detail. The object of our first group meeting was getting main idea to carry out our project after we read the apple case material. In this meeting, our group discussed and got general ideas and several key words from this case: what is management and innovation in Apple. But it didn’t work very well due to insufficient preparation. Therefore, when we made a second meeting, we changed our idea to go on our tasks according to orders of questions. Each two members of our group took responsible for one question, and a member took charge of introduction, recommendation and conclusion. In this time, everyone got a clear task. In the following group meeting, we discussed what we found from collected materials and gave advices of every question and pick the best ones to the questions. Everyone is asked to complete their own speeches of their own presentation. If we had problems of our project in the period of not being together, we still kept in touch online. In the last two group meeting, we all gave a brief presentation of our own part to group members and made them understand every piece of our works, and we all achieved agreement to our project without any doubt. One of team member combined all pieces of Power Point into the whole and decorated it. We all prepared for the presentation and kept practice with a time controlling together. For a group work, we evaluate that it is fairly good with advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, we learned a lot from this group work. Firstly, we learned how to analyzer a case with models. Furthermore, we also learned that by a combination of case studies and models, it strengthens the knowledge we learned in the class. Secondly, this activity also improved our skills of doing presentation and reports. We got a clear understanding of requirements of good presentation and reports. Last but not least, our team members shared ideas and made up for each others’ disadvantages. From this experience we got the team work spirit and learn how to corporate with others, how to solve the conflicts. On the other hand, some problems existed in the period of meeting. Frankly speaking, some meetings are ineffective, because we didn’t prepared well what supposed to do about case studies. Moreover, on the account of some member’s absence and lack of team spirit, the progress of our group work was affected. Here are some suggestions to the future team work we learn from our experience: firstly, a clear schedule should be made in the beginning as a guide of future works. Secondly, team members need to improve group awareness and join in a group activity positively. Everyone of a group should review handouts or materials in advance of one’s own responsibility of a group. Lastly, the efficiency is critical to group work. References Assen. M. V. , Berg. G. V. D. , Pietersma. P. (2009) Key Management Models, Prentice Hall Best Global Brands, Retrieved Nov 4th, 2010, form http://www. interbrand. om/en/best-global-brands/Best-Global-Brands-2010. aspx Brian. C. Steve Jobs Killer Instintcts. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, form http://www. forbes. com/2009/04/06/apple-microsoft-advertising-technology-enterprise-tech-apple. html Harvard Business review blog, Retrieved Oct 27th , 2010, from http://blogs. hbr. org/taylor/2009/06/decoding_steve_jobs_trust_the. html Markides. C. (1998). Strategic Innovation in Established Companies, Sloan Management Review, pp31-42. McGregor. J. (2008). The world’s most innovative companies. Business week, April 17. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/08_17/b4081061866744. htm Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. (2007). A Framework for Strategic Innovation, Innovation Point LLC, PP. 1-24. Practice of leadership website, Retrieved Oct 28th, 2010, from http://www. thepracticeofleadership. net/2008/03/30/steve-jobs-and-his-leadership/ Roberts, J (2004). The Modern Firm, Oxford University Press. Saswati. 2010. The seven dimensions of strategic innovation. Retrieved Oct, 26th, 2010, form http://www. improvementandinnovation. com/features/articles/seven-dimensions-strategic-innovation? age=1 Strategy leader blog, Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://strategyleader. blogspot. com/2010/01/steve-jobs-risktaking-innovative. html The 25 Most Innovation Companies 2010. Retrieved Nov. 1st, 2010, form http://images. businessweek. com/ss/10/04/0415_most_innovative_companies/26. htm , Yates, V. |(2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://www. leadevalues. com/Content/detail. asp? ContentDetailID=1369 1000 ventures website, Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/market_leader. html How to cite Apple Inc, Papers

Progress of Apple Company Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Progress of Apple Company. Answer: Introduction The report discusses the progress of Apple Company and focus has been paid over the launch of the iPhone 8 which investigated the features of the phone and the consequences of it are simultaneously described. The report describes the purpose and the strategy of the launch of iPhone 8 followed by the target market and before it, the segmentation and selection of market have been done. The target market of iPhone 8 is the business people, adults, child, teenagers and colleges. Thereafter the unmet needs are illustrated which was derived either from the competitors or the expectations of the customers are not met to the required extent. At the end, the marketing mix of the iPhone is investigated in which the 4Ps i.e. product, price, place, and promotion are examined in detail to understand the Company and its product strategy in a better way. Description of the strategy of launch Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak on April 1, 1976; they started with the launch of the Apple Computers. Their idea was to create the computer which is handy and people can use them conveniently at their homes and offices. They started their business from the small garage and took it to the heights. The vision behind the creation of Apple is to push the level of creativity and come up with the new set of ideas which prove to be effective and meaningful for the society. It focuses on the social obligation as well (Richardson, 2008). Apple is known to be the trendsetter and every now and then the new feature is introduced which results in the launch of a new model of Apple iPhone. In the prevailing trend, iPhone 8 has been launched. The feature that iPhone8 consists is adjustable screen and all glass exterior followed by the wireless charging. The wireless charging is the major change that twists and turns the technological era (Apple, 2017). The purpose of launching iP hone 8 is to bring the revolution in the technological field and become the game-changer in the mobile industry. Steve Jobs launching strategies are counted in the premium strategies to ensure the success of organization (Rosoff, 2016). The strategy that Jobs depict in every launch has been implemented at the time of iPhone 8 launch as well, the idea to arise craze and rising the customers desire was to focus on their very needs and making attempt to fulfill the same even adding on something more to it. The more attention should be paid to customers and not on the product as they are the one giving the market. Along with the customer focus the revolutionary approach needs to be adopted by the company, pre-booking technique has been launch which drives the competition among the customers and not among the companies (Sarigumba, 2017). Another eye-catching launch strategy was to add the pinch of suspense to the product so that the launch gets awaited by people and they eagerly wait for the product to get launch and suspense to be revealed. Lastly, the most important thing about the launch is to plan the launch in a successful manner and bottom line must be involved as they better know the desires of the customer. Strategy for the launch The Apple adopts the unique strategy to launch its new product which is iPhone 8. There are specific 7 strategies that Apple uses which are quoted as under: Ignore your critics: Steve Jobs was carrying the approach which states that critics are meant to speak up and stand at the opposition only. From the first invention till date and may be further whenever iPhone was launching the new product critic opposed and laugh at it but Apple proves to the king and always crashed the market with its product (Bergen, 2014). Turning ordinary into extraordinary: Along with the new features and elements in the iPhone, there is a need to focus on the external portions as well. The body and design of the iPhone are always unique which turn it out differently from other products in the market (McCormack, 2013). Price justification: The pricing strategies adopted by Apple are something different. It charges higher than their competitors do. The quality, model, features and functions fairly pair with the pricing of the products (Tillier, 2017). It is the strategy of Apple that more the price better will be the services provided and at the time of launch the justification of price is proved. They adopt the language of the audience: The strategy of Apple is such that it does not use the technical terms that confuse the customer rather they explain it in a classical manner to make the consumer understand the technology before making purchases (Bajarin, 2017). Extending the purchasing experience: Apple not only focuses on the product and services but also on the post purchases. The packaging done by Apple is extraordinary and it continues to be the journey of luxury. From the initial point, it depicts that quality material is been provided within the packaged box (Hangen, 2017). The retail experience store further enhances the experience where customers not only can try out the products but also see how the products are been used by the employees (Jones et al., 2010). Build a positive image: Though Apple has many competitors it is ahead of all these. It always brings up something new to the market and builds up its own way towards development. It is The name: iPhone is not only the product or a mobile phone used for, its the brand name. The Apple iPhone itself has its name and is not calculated under the gadgets. It holds the unique place in the cell phone market and reflects the distinct position among all (Mickalowski et al., no.date). It is brand as a lifestyle product (Chanaron and J.J, 2013). Analysis and recommendation of launch As discussed Apple is a reputed company and it always plays a unique game in the market to attract people and raise the urge to make purchases. According to the quality and royalty of the product launch strategies are also different. Steve Jobs strategies gain the fame and adopting these strategies for the launch results in better promotion and thereby increased sales and profit maximisation which at last drives the customer satisfaction which is the motive of Apple (Schuh et al., 2017). On analyzing these strategies following outcome could be noted: Customers are King: The strategy of Steve Jobs is to focus on the target market and not on the product. The features and other relevant information are made available on the official site of Apple. Jobs never praised the product but always concentrated over the need of the customer and how their problems could be simplified and resolved. According to him if the customer is happy and satisfied with the product then he might come back along with certain recommendations thereby performing the word of mouth promotional activity (Thorbjornsen, 2017). Convincing the media and opinion leaders: Another strategy that is been noted is that even before the launch date the discussion about the new product gets started. People are not crazy for the features but they seem keen to note that what strategy and in which manner the launch will be made. What all will be new and what uniqueness will the product carry this time. Such curiosity results in pre-booking of the products. Revolutionary: Apple always comes up with something unique. People literally wait that what is coming up next. This is the revolutionary strategy that Jobs has opted for. It carries the idea to change the vision of people out there and increase the level of suspense and pay them the value for which customers have waited for long. It always adds out of the box features to stay ahead of the competitors and grab the market at once (Sepahi, Mesri Rahmani, 2017). From the above analysis it could be recommended that in order to be successful only hard work is not sufficient enough there is a need to perform smart work. The launch should be designed in such a manner that it turns into the grand event. The connection with the media must be strong enough so that the excitement level could be increased and suspense could be drawn out. Thereafter the provision of pre-booking could be made which is another measure to develop the desire of customers. Along with the suspense Apple has its own manner to present the things and make it feel luxury so that people could even flaunt with the product and it depicts their status of living and standards (Henry Henry, 2017). Target market Every company target a particular market(s) and try to establish its name there. Market segmentation comes into play where the targeted market(s) undergoing the deep study of the culture, trend, and taste of the consumer (Satyavathy, Priya Chanthini, 2017) to determine the suitability of the products and services that the company offer. Focusing on the Apple iPhone 8, which is the latest launch. Apple Company has come up with the new features of the protective glass layer, wireless charging and improved picture quality (Apple in the case study, 2017). For this, the market was targeted by the company which could make the product even more successful and expansion can be enjoyed. Therefore the target market of iPhone 8 is: Media House: When the launch is concerned in the context of iPhone the first group that needs to be targeted during the launch is the media house. Media is the most powerful house that could lead the company to attain heights and even it could contribute in fall of the company. One positive glimpse and success creation might help Apple to reach new avenues and set another big target. The media assists the consumer in answering the questions of what the product actually holds. Is it worth the suspense? The pricing strategies are worthwhile? Who are all present at the time of launch? What duration did launch-capture? The preparations and grand event brief are given along with the excitement that customer carries are the basic strategy adopted by the company for the launch (Martin, 2014). Critics: Critics are another crucial element that is been focussed. They are the one that studies about the marketing strategies of the product along with analyzing the actual value that is been charged and is the expense incurred and show off made is productive. They are the must-have in the launch of the product. The critic helps in giving the ratings and they bluntly comment on both the positive and negative aspect of product. They post the articles and give newsfeed to spread the awareness and rendering knowledge to the customers. At times critics help in adding up the features and imparting valuable advices that attaches a sense of trust and commitment with the product, thus it is the essential element to be targeted while launching (The Australian, 2017). Colleges and universities: At colleges and universities, these products of Apple are very useful. iPhone 8 assists the college professors to prepare the slides and mark the notes for their students. Simultaneously it is equally important for the students as well. It helps in quickly recording the lecture session and highlights the notes for further references. It makes the carriage of these notes easy; the student need not have to carry heavy bags. Only one device does it all, entire aspect gets covered within it (Sigal, 2010). Social media: The most emerging area that should be focussed while constructing the launch strategies is social media. Popularity gained through the social media is unbeatable and it helps in spreading the fame faster than anything else. Thus, a glimpse of launch program must be posted on the social media on the immediate notice in an attractive manner giving the personal touch to the event and building up the positioning by commercializing the product over the social media (Schneider, 2015). Star performer: At times it is a good technique that Apple adopts is linking the product with the celebrity for depicting the quality of the product. Denoting eth product with the characteristics of celebrities is the good trick to launch the product. Also the publicity option is also selected by symbolizing the phone in the hand of celebrity in any other random advertisement thereby signifying the luxury that the person carries and people start to connect themselves with their favorite star and rush to purchase the product (). Business people: iPhone represent class and iPhone 8 has maintained the class level and luxury. iPhone 8 could efficiently be used for the business purpose. Minutes could be constructed and fast mailing takes place. The documents could be easily transferred and data and be conveniently saved on the cloud which could be accessed from anywhere in the world. This has made working quick and smart. The authentication process had been enhanced and make more convenient to the authentic user has increased the usability of the iphone8 as a business phone (Brandon, 2015). Adult: iPhone 8 is a one in all devices; it could be said as the supermarket or the hypermarket carrying various functions in the single device. The primary attribute of the cell phone is to communicate with the people. It gives access to internet connections which helps in solving many realistic problems on the single touch. The camera assists in capturing the images in different versions and styles. After all the documentation becomes easier. All the necessary paper works and other essential documents become handy and could be easily accessed (Armstrong et al., 2015). The iPhone is seen as a luxury lifestyle product (Okonkwo and Uche, 2016) where it is integrated into the adult daily life. Unmet needs The human is having the unsatisfactory nature, their needs never get fulfilled. On the completion of one need the other need is aroused as the new desire and accordingly, the tension gets created and the person craves for fulfilling the particular need. On accomplishment, the satisfaction is gained and along with the satisfaction another desire pops up and the process continues. Similar is the case with products and services, even after getting a lot more features still there remains certain portions and needs that are unmet (Patel, 2017). Lack of the feature of product: The primary unmet need is that some of the features are provided by the competitors like Samsung. Though iPhone always holds the unique points yet Samsung is the competitor and many times the competitor analyze the needs of customers first and launch the functions and features before iPhone could adopt it. This might result in less popularity and crash the market of iPhone8 (Miller, 2017). The launch of two products at a similar time: The fame of iPhone X is on such a hike that craze of iPhone 8 is not up to the extent that is expected. The features of iPhone X are so exciting that people are focusing on that particular product and saving the fund to procure iPhone X. The simultaneous launch will affect the sales of the former product as the features are lacking and the latter is coming up with much better qualities and uniqueness (Bashi, 2017). Inappropriate analysis and evaluation of customer need: The customer's problem need to be analyzed, any of the section or sample size if ignored could lead to dissatisfaction among the customers (Singh, Sao, Nagare Dharamarajan, 2017). The recommendations of customers should not be ignored either because they are the one that suggests the new feature to get added or ignoring that section may result in dissatisfaction among the customers and failure of the launch (Henry, 2017). Not seeking the experts advice: In order to have the successful launch of the product there is a need to seek experts advice so that uncovered points could be analysed and in case if such advice is not entertained there are chances that something might lack at the time of launch which is likely to affect the reputation and thereby sale of the particular product (Ranjan, 2017). The gold color of iPhone 8 was not appropriate and the back of the phone turns out to be old creamiest color instead of gold (Brownlee Swan, 2017). Issues with decision making and problem-solving: Another unmet need that occurs is the problem solving and making of the prompt decision. At times there occurs the uncertain situations that need to be dealt immediately and the backup plan should be promptly constructed, this shows the management skills and decision-making strength of the company and the image of company is directly connected with branding of eth product thus in case lack of management is depicted it might adversely affect the image of product thus failure of launch could be seen (Soffar, 2017). The 4Ps of marketing mix The marketing mix is the strategy that plans the progression of the product. It helps in promoting the product and services in a different manner using distinct techniques and strategies. The 4 Ps of the marketing mix are a product, price, place, and promotion. Later on, the 3 Ps were also added in order to expand the area of promotional activities. These 3Ps were people, process, and physical evidence. In the context of iPhone 8, the marketing mix analysis should be made to know the appropriate launch strategy and what measures could be taken to make the launch more successful. It helps in analyzing the launching strategies and figuring out the various alternatives and selecting the one best strategy that is suitable in all aspect (Pratap, 2017). Product There is a wide range of products under Apple. It started from the computers and moved forward successfully in the cell phone and other electronics as well. Apple watches were introducing along with the Apple TV. With the introduction of new ranges of iPhone, several apps were also invented which were definite to the iPhone users only. It develops its own software and iTunes. The product line of Apple is iPhone, iPod, iPad, MacBook series, MacOS, and others. Apple is the fastest growing company with lot more products and a new version of services and apps (Cleverism, 2014). Apple controls its own eco-system as the firmware; software and hardware of its products are all designed in-house and are all exclusive to Apple. Thus it is able to give better performance as compare to others. iPhone 8 there are has several new feature, the glass in the front and back of the phone, wireless charging and advanced camera. The I Cloud assists in setting up the free cloud services and rendering it t o the customers for fast access to the information at any corner of the world. It helps in reducing paperwork and supports the de-mating of documents (Greenspan, 2017). Along with the ease, it also comprises of social obligation by saving the paper and supporting the go green tag in favor of the environment thereby appreciating the environment protection. Apple is seen to be environmental friendly, using solar power, wind as hydropower to power 96% of their worldwide facilities, the packaging that they use are also recycled, coupled with recycling of old Apple products (Apple_Environmental_Responsibility_Report_2017.). This further enhances the consumer wanting to be associated with Apple. The product mix of Apple and its iPhone range are enormous; the product line is increasing with the increasing technologies and thereby Apple is continually setting the standard (Luiz, 2007). Price Apple is brand as a luxury premium brand. It is position as a lifestyle product. It defines the class and standard of living of the person. iPhone does not lower its price when it faces competition. The branding is so strong that it gains the attention of consumer before the news of new launch is release. The high cost depicts the preciousness of the product and leaves behind the impression of luxury and class being followed in the technology it has opted for (Steenkamp, 2017). The range of iPhones is popularised for the innovative technologies that the company uses all-time new features that it added to every product they launch. The pricing of launch should also be considered as to what amount has been spent on the launch event and what all areas have been covered under the launch processing. Due to its high price, Apple provides it unique exclusive applications that are essential in the daily life for its consumers. These applications can be downloaded from iTunes. The sheer numbe rs of applications in iTunes make it attractive for the users although some of these applications need to be paid for. Apple adopts the unique launch strategy and saves the good amount on promotion as before the launch the entire market expectations get created and high purchases are developed which balances the entire cost of launch at once. The company adopts the smart pricing technique in the context of the launch of the product and flaunting its varied services. The idea of Apple is that on cutting down the cost of its product will directly affect the image of the product. The main pricing is the quality they serve and the logo they pass on to their customers. People like to flaunt the logo and depict the royalty of the product and simultaneously reflecting their own standard and status of life (Bhasin, 2016). The iPhone comes up every time with the new technology, new model, and unique design. It always brings the newness and beat up the market by setting the trend. (Hisrich an d Ramadani, 2017). Distribution Apple sells the iPhone online and onsite at its stores, the alternative retail sites are Amazon, eBay and the similar e-business sites and inline market (Thielin, 2017). The main distribution channels of iPhone are through services providers in various countries. This service provider will normally subsidize the price of the iPhone in order to retain their customer through a 2-year contracts. The demand of the iPhone is so high that reservation had to be made and all major services providers need to carry these iPhone or risk losing their customers. The services providers had outlets all over the countries and these stores are easily accessed by the consumers. The channel of distribution is vast in the case Apple as the product line is also tremendous (Kucuk, 2017). The different outlets of iPhone are located in Singapore, Canada, California, Mexico, India, Kenya and much more. The Apple targets different countries to launch the product in an effective manner. Distinct launch program s take place in major places like UK, US, India, Australia and other similar places. The launch program could be made successful by applying certain theme thereby making the program rather exited enough. Also the place selected for launch is of high importance, it should be the lavish place which depicts the characteristics of product. Furthermore, the place should be in accordance to the status of customers or the target market. It should be located in the centre of the city at posh area where maximum footfall has been recorded on the average day (Patil and Bach, 2017). Promotion The fame and craze of Apple and its iPhone is to such an extent that just the news of its launch of products creates alertness. The best marketing and promotional strategy that is been adopted by the Apple is by word of mouth and this had led to expanding the business and results in the development of the iPhone range (Kalyanam, 2002). IPhone8 came up with the new features and distinct techniques which were awaited for long period of time. The positive word of mouth clarifies half the way of the product and leads it towards the development. It is the most effective tool to increase the sales and profit. Apple has very selective of where every launch takes place (Constantines, 2006). Firstly the Apples own site is used for conducting the promotional activities and the social media is been used to spread the news. At any point, Apple never compromises on the classic and luxurious front. The standardization and status always get reflected through each and every step that is undertaken b y the Apple (Al-haithami, 2017). Apple appointed the brand ambassador that represents the company and its product. Most of the time the launch is inculcated by the celebrities and this attachment leaves the imprint on consumers mind and they related the products quality with that of the celebrity which proves to be the beneficial point for Apple and its launch program. In iPhone 8, the wireless charger was promoting in such a unique manner. It not only conveys the message but it signifies the value and educates the people that it is not like any other product but only the iPhone8 is worth to earn it (Hansson and Mattsson, 2017). The values and ideas of manufacturing the product are connecting with it. The review of the customer adds on the promotion of the iPhone 8 launch program. By analyzing the popularity of the iPhone, the investors also get attracted to gain the profit and secure their monetary term and multiply it in an effective manner (Bary, 2017). Promotion of iPhone8 is al so conducted through the service providers like SingTel, M1 and Star Hub. These service providers promote the iPhones8 intensively offering offers and bundles to retain and attract new customers. The vast amount of service providers that Apple has around the world results in an impactful promotion for iPhone8 (Apple-Find Location, 2017). The biggest issue with the launch of the iPhone8 is the introduction of iPhone X as a limited anniversary model with features that suppress the iPhone8. This had caused the sales of iPhone8 to be not as good as the previous models as many customers decide to wait for the iPhone X launch which is within a few month time (Fortune, 2017). Brand equity The brand equity is created by the consumers and it could not be constructed manually but need to be earned. Brand equity is the result of consumer satisfaction and the perception they create within their mind. It basically depicts the mindset of consumers on what are their views in the context of product and do they need it further in the future with more amendments. The positioning of the product is termed as the brand equity. The brand equity involves brand loyalty, brand awareness and brand association. In the context of the launch strategy the brand equity gets created from the time of launch itself that is to say that initial impression gives the view that product will be successful or not. As it is stated the first impression is the last impression thus launch a program of Apple promote all its features that have been added to the product and raising the urge of people to buy it on early notice. The theme, management and operations of launch program reflect the image of the co mpany and its product thereby creating the brand awareness. Also along with launch the promises are also been made by the company that are scrutinized and tested at the launch venue and thus the brand loyalty is attained building the trust among the employees resulting in healthy connection. The brand equity is also base on the choice of market and the target audience. At the time of launch the target market of launch as discussed earlier are served in a genuine manner so that better brand equity is made. The feedback of launch is collected from consumers and necessary changes or drawbacks are noted down so that the similar mistake is not repeated the next time and better outcomes are experienced. These positive feedbacks and customer loyalty are identified at the time of launch and brand equity gets created (Detlef, 2016). AIDA AIDA is one of the most popular and suitable criteria adopted for the launch and promotion of the product. It is abbreviated as Awareness, Interest, Desire, and Action which must be focussed for a successful launch. Awareness: Awareness depicts the knowledge about the product. This strategy of launch helps in enhancing the customer knowledge and making them aware of the trend and the added features of the product to be launched. It is the pre-preparation from the day of launch so as to develop the customers interest. Interest: Then comes the interest portion, as soon as the awareness is spread people tend to grab more knowledge about the new product launch and this creates the interest. The motive of launch strategy is to develop such an idea or procedure that emerges the customers interest towards the launch. Desire: Desire is the urge to get something, though it is not the necessity. Desire is the symbol of standardization and status of the person. As per the target market and consumer group the desire is released. The launch is made at the place where most of the target market collects in the good amount and the awareness is conveyed to them. At the time of launch the mesmerizing description of the product was intentionally made to enhance the desire to book one quantity of product. Action: Action is the final attempt of the launch procedure where the customer finally get attracted to the product and its characteristics and at last take the step to purchase the product. The action is the signal that launch was successfully made and the strategies adopted are successful. The aim of Company is to attain the customer satisfaction and keeping this in view every action undertaken is positive and likely to gain success. Conclusion Therefore, it could be concluded that iPhone 8 launch was the most awaited product carrying a lot more uniqueness within it. The Apple Company has an enormous product line and it has successfully maintained the luxury image and always stays ahead of its competitors and proves to be the trendsetter and continues for the long term. In the particular report, the basic discussion of the company has been made along with the discussions over the specification of iPhone 8. The strategy for the launch along with the purpose of the launch has been described in the brief. The market of iPhone 8 has been targeted which involves the media house, critics, social media, colleges and universities and business class people. The segmentation of the market has been done. Thereafter the unmet needs of the product launch have been described which involves the launch of two ultimate products simultaneously, the lacking features of the product, not seeking the expert advice and inappropriate analysis and evaluation of the product. Thereafter the marketing mix analysis is undertaken where the 4Ps of the marketing are elucidated in context of launching strategies of iPhone 8. Band equity has been explained and connection has been drawn between brand awareness, loyalty, association and launching strategies of product. How the product launch strategies influence the brand equity and positioning. Lastly, AIDA process is quoted that explains each attribute briefly abbreviating it as awareness, interest, desire and action. This is the chain that process when one step gets accomplished. 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